Advantages and Disadvantages of Fdi in India free essay sample

Points of interest and Disadvantages of Fad in India BY demeanor FAD in Multi-brand Retail in India: Signs of New Resolve S Marylyn 1 Dry S Nary is Head of Research and Visiting Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISIS), a self-ruling exploration foundation at the National University of Singapore. He was some time ago Economic Adviser to the Prime Minister of India. Dry Nary can be reached at [emailprotected] Com. The perspectives communicated in this paper are those of the creator and don't really mirror those of ISIS. In September 2012, the Government of India declared a few monetary approach change quantifies that incorporated a transition to permit 51 percent outside direct speculation (FAD) in multi-brand retail. In a similar declaration, it loosened up standards for outside direct interest in the avionics division, permitting global carriers to put resources into local companions and freed a huge number from other change situated estimates an expansion of FAD in some communicating administrations. The issue of FAD in retail has pulled in extensive political discussion. The issue was first proposed by the Government in 2010, yet must be pulled back in view of political restriction. This time, the Government gives off an impression of being firm in pushing the strategy through. It is conceivable to illustrate a few purposes behind the assurance of the Government. To start with, the decision United Progressive Alliance (PUPA) Government, and specifically the Congress party, has been battered by claims of debasement and tricks all through 2012, and necessities a breather to set up its power to oversee. The analysis in the remote media and by scholastics that the Government has been in a condition of strategy loss of motion, which has kept it from taking even fundamental measures to improve administration, has groove its picture. The emergency in coal flexibly for power age and the poor advancement of framework ventures have given the feeling that official choices have stopped. On the exchange front, the developing current record shortfall, just as the debilitating of the rupee, has been viewed as notice signals for the economy. The developing monetary deficiency, the failure to control use on endowments, and an easing back economy have made worldwide financial specialists and rating offices minimize assumptions regarding the Indian economy. The most recent GAP development figures of 5. Re penny are lower than the desires for the Government and the Reserve Bank of India the same, and the diligent expansion is harming the whole populace, particularly those with fixed livelihoods. There was, subsequently, a need to prompt some certainty about the economy. Previously, the current record shortage was spanned by FAD, inflows into capital markets, and through incoherence. Of these, the initial two had seen a sharp drop in 2010 and 2011. The value markets were exchanging 30 percent underneath pre-2008 emergency levels, with little craving for new capital issues. Prevailing fashion was dropping point by point after 2008 and dropped to 40 percent of the 2011-12 level in the ensuing year. The high monetary deficiency was likewise swarming out private borrowings. To put it plainly, there was requirement for an adjustment to mix outer capital into the economy by improving the feeling in the monetary markets and by giving a sign that could reestablish F streams. The change declarations of September 2012 were an endeavor at that. There were different contentions also. The retail segment in India has been developing at a consolidated yearly development pace of 6. Percent over the period 1998-2010, and is evaluated to be worth around RSI. 50,000 scores (IIS$ 10 billion) in 2010. Notwithstanding, the commitment of sorted out retail stays low. As against the United States, which has the composed to unrecognized proportion of 85:1 5, in India, it is just 10:90. Sorted out retail has been developing quickly and is relied upon to have a portion of 22 perc ent before 2017. There are additionally a few utilization related development drivers for retail. Indians per capita salary, in genuine terms, has multiplied somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2011, and pay levels are relied upon to significantly increase in ostensible terms in the following 20 years. Normal genuine family unit salary has developed at a yearly pace of 3. 8 percent from 1985 to 2005. The white collar class populace as characterized at a salary level of RSI. 200,000 or more at the 2000-cost level is relied upon to increment to 40 percent of the populace by 2025. Per family unit utilization consumption has likewise multiplied in the most recent decade alongside rising pay levels. The quick pace of assertion is likewise changing utilization designs. According to the United Nations condition of the populaces report, 40 percent of Indians populace is relied upon to dwell in urban agglomerates by 2030. At last, the anemographic example of the populace, with 60 percent of the populace at 35 years or less, is driving utilization towards increasingly present day, innovatively propelled items that are the quality of current retail outlets. As far as the portion of the different parts in the retail business in India, attire and food have a portion of 38. 1 percent and 1. 5 percent separately, as indicated by the FIEF retail report 2011. 3 according to the Indian Governments declared approach, FAD in multi-brand retail is to be permitted distinctly in towns which have a populace of more than one million, which limits the section to around 35 urban communities. The base add up to be acquired by the remote player is IIS$ 100 million; 50 percent of the complete FAD got ought to be put resources into back-end foundation, for example, handling, coordinations, warehousing and enhancements in assembling. New agrarian items might be unbranded. Trend in multi-brand retail exchanging the type of web based business would not be reasonable. Resource creation is relied upon to be done basically by the outside player. The favorable position, from the Governments perspective, is an expanded open door for business. It is assessed that sorted out retail has made more than 1. Million Jobs in the period 2005-2009. The nature of work is additionally better than the open doors in the unrecognized part. The composed part would make a higher commitment to burden incomes through expanded VAT and in the end, SST incomes. From the perspective of clients, they are probably going to improve items, lower faulty things, expanded decision and nature of items, and the accessibility of worldwide items in neighborhood markets. For the ranchers, there would be a decrease in the degree of middle people, improvement in flexibly chain the board, essential framework n cold chain, warehousing and transportation coordinations, mechanical enhancements in crop creation, and sane and reasonable valuing of items. The restriction of relevance to urban communities with a populace of one million or more infers this would be appropriate just to 35 urban areas in 15 states. These are Andorra Pradesh, Briar, Delhi, Gujarat, Harlan, Shorthand, Karakas, Kraal, Madhya Pradesh, Maharajahs, Punjab, Restaurants, Tamil Nadia, Attar Pradesh and West Bengal. It is likewise specified in the strategy that State Governments and Union Territories would be allowed to take their success choices with respect to the usage of the arrangement. In context, this arrangement seems to have a few critical positives. It is an official choice, well inside the domain of the official, with no requirement for parliamentary endorsement. To start with, on the financial side, this would prompt modernization of retail and interest in innovation, coordinations and the worth chain. Second, there would be chances of more noteworthy, higher caliber of business. Third, multiplier impacts can be had in the local economy in the fields of warehousing, transportation and subordinate exercises. Fourth, this opens up open doors for improving the nature of work in these segments. Fifth, there is a confirmation of more noteworthy income control. 6th, this would prompt all the more internal capital streams and speculations. Against this scenery, there has been solid restriction to the move and ideological groups are arranged to contradict the move. One of the individuals from the PUPA, the Traditional Congress, has left the union on this issue, leaving the Government actually in parliamentary minority, however they have the outside help of two significant gatherings from Attar Pradesh. 4 The restriction advances a few contentions. To start with, that unrecognized retail in India is controlled by an enormous number of little business people who serve the prompt neighborhood, and who might be driven bankrupt by the approach of huge grocery stores. There is proof this has occurred in certain states in the US and in littler towns in the United Kingdom and Australia. The little stores would not have the mechanical ability or the budgetary muscle to contend on equivalent footing with the huge retail chains, and henceforth would be off guard. The quality of little retail lies in commonality with the client, that empowers credit exchanges to otherwise known as spot and accommodates client comforts like little amounts and home conveyance, which would not be conceivable from an enormous retail chain. Further, the very idea of huge retail venture would require huge land space, requiring transportation and higher exchange volumes. In this way the idea is elitist, accessible just to a chosen few in the higher salary ranges, and not of utilization to the basic man, who establishes of more than 50 percent of the rustic and modest community purchasers. So runs the contention. Also, it is fought that ranchers would be off guard. The huge retailers would be in a situation to uphold gracefully gets that would push ranch costs down, in this manner influencing ranchers salaries. Third, the propensity to stock mass-fabricated products would prompt progressively imported merchandise being on offer, to the impediment of nearby makers. At long last, the littler retail locations can offer work to even untalented specialists, of whom there are bounty in India. The work necessity in huge multi-

Chesapeake Energy Corporation

regular gas† {Chesapeake Annual Report, 1998, p. 1}. As of late, Chesapeake completed the change from a forceful investigation organization concentrated on growing short-save life, to a lower-chance, longer save life gaseous petrol maker. Chesapeake†s activities are centered around â€Å"developmental penetrating and delivering property acquisitions.† These tasks are â€Å"concentrated in three significant zones: the Mid-mainland, the coastal Gulf of Mexico and far northeastern British Columbia, Canada† [Chesapeake Annual Report, 1998, p. 1]. Aubrey K. McClendon is Chesapeake†s Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and Director. Tom L. Ward is the President, Chief Operating Officer and Director. â€Å"McClendon met fellow benefactor Tom Ward in the 1980†³s. Both were free oil makers; they collaborated in 1983† [Morgenson, p. 2]. They each have over 16 years of involvement with the oil and gaseous petrol industry. Every other individual from the supervisory crew have numerous long stretches of involvement with the business. Chesapeake has focused on growing its possessions in flammable gas since the company†s joining in 1989. Chesapeake feels that flammable gas will be the fuel decision of the 21st century. The organization has been profoundly serious in the two its investigation exercises and endeavors to expand its stock of lacking leasehold land. This mix should empower Chesapeake to stay a serious power in the vitality delivering industry. New innovation in the oil and gas industry has made investigation and creation increasingly productive. This is key for the endurance of American organizations that rival OPEC and other remote cartels that have low creation costs. New innovation, including three-dimensional imaging, which has more prominent goals than the beforehand existing innovation, will empower Chesapeake to identify saves all the more precisely. Additionally, flat boring has empowered organizations to deplete more than each save in turn. With benefits proceeding to be pressed inside this industry, new innovation is important to enable American organizations to contend on a worldwide scale. The oil and gas industry is really a worldwide market. The business helped gains in 1999 from expanded creation productivity and an abatement in the present gracefully. U.S. firms, alongside OPEC, have deliberately discounted their complete creation, which has expanded the cost. OPEC presently supplies roughly 40% of the world oil creation. On the off chance that OPEC decides to deliver at a lower yield, Chesapeake could without much of a stretch increment creation with its low creation costs and colossal stores. Numerous different countries are developing as contenders, for example, the previous Soviet Union and Latin American nations. The proceeding with increment in gracefully from different countries would possibly soak the market, causing lower costs and lower benefits. Request is required to rise just somewhat in excess of two percent during that time 2005. The standpoint for this industry is for expanded rivalry locally (from littler organizations) and universally from rising countries. The U.S. has predominant innovation, which will help keep benefits up as flexibly increments and request remains generally consistent. Flammable gas makes up 72% of Chesapeake†s income. They as a rule offer the item to outsiders and are not subject to any one purchaser. Under 10% of their incomes are created from two purchasers. Administrative Regulations †Operational and Labor Relations The oil and gas businesses are dependent upon significant government guideline. These laws and guidelines are basically coordinated toward â€Å"the dealing with and removal of boring and creation squander items and waste made by water and air contamination control devices† [Chesapeake 10-K, 1998, p. 10]. The oil and gas industry is responsible to various government offices, including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Energy, the State Department and the Department of Commerce. For all intents and purposes each part of tasks is dependent upon complex and regularly evolving guidelines. The oil and gas industry is firmly managed with respect to work relations by government office and offices, including the Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) and the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). A few states have their own state supported word related security plans, while the rest of follow government OSHA guidelines. A portion of the themes secured under OSHA incorporate individual defensive hardware, risky correspondence (HAZCOM) and wellbeing process preparing. Chesapeake had 453 representatives as of March 15, 1999. None of these workers were spoken to by sorted out worker's organizations. The organization believes its worker relations to be acceptable [Chesapeake 10-K, 1998, p. 13]. Unocal (NYSE: UCL) utilized 7,880 individuals as of December 31, 1998, of which 575 were spoken to by different U.S. worker's guilds [Unocal 10-K, 1998, p. 12]. The two organizations are dependent upon new laws and guidelines with respect to the earth and work. Chesapeake and Unocal can't foresee what antagonistic money related conditions the new laws and guidelines will bring. In any case, present moment and long haul costs will increment as organizations improve existing activities to become and stay agreeable with government guidelines. Accordingly, all organizations in petro-concoction enterprises are encountering enormous trouble working productive organizations. A few organizations have stopped tasks because of expanded guideline combined with poor overall revenues. Chesapeake is at a higher hazard with respect to this situation since the vast majority of its activities are local. Unocal, albeit a U.S. based organization, activities are focused fundamentally abroad, and consequently experience expanded tolerance with respect to natural and work guidelines. During the most recent two years, Chesapeake Corporation endured a critical shot as far as profit, stock cost and FICO assessments. Positive 1996 profit went to a misfortune in 1997 and tumbled to a greater loss of $10 per share in 1998. This profit decay caused the stock cost and FICO assessment to plunge. The organization likewise faces a legal claim originating from supposed infringement of government protections laws. Top administration and executives are blamed for utilizing insider data to sell individual possessions in the organization at falsely expanded costs. Chesapeake had disillusioning a very long time in 1997 and 1998 as prove by the fall in the stock cost. The organization experienced a considerable repositioning to expand petroleum gas property and lessen hazard. Because of this repositioning, Chesapeake caused significant obligation and is subject to the market costs of oil and petroleum gas to increment, and essentially, improve net revenues. Also, in 1997, Chesapeake changed their monetary year end from June 30th to December 31st. As a feature of the repositioning, Chesapeake expanded long haul obligation over $400 million to a sum of $920 million, combined with a transient obligation of $25 million. This expanded getting radically diminished the company†s capacity to acquire extra financing. Standard Poor†s and Moody†s set Chesapeake on audit with a negative viewpoint. The capacity to meet commitments for this extra obligation will rely upon the creation and budgetary execution of the organization, showcase costs of oil and flammable gas, and general monetary conditions. Basic Size Income Statement Analysis Chesapeake had an incredibly huge record of benefits (weakness) because of marked down oil and gas costs during the previous barely any years. This charge expanded working expenses by over $1.2 billion during 1997-98 with 72% of that cost coming in 1998. The advantage record, joined with cost increments underway, promoting and intrigue, were the fundamental donors of all out working expenses to be more than multiple times complete income. The outcome was 1998 EBIT of ($920) million, and a non-existent ROE, since the organization had a total deficit drawing nearer $1 billion. Unocal†s ROE was 5.9% in 1998 and 25.1% in 1997. The disability cost announced by Chesapeake is flawed as a result of the extremely huge sum that was charged. In context, Unocal with over $5 billion in property resources recorded a debilitation charge of $97 million during 1998. On the off chance that oil and gas costs ascend sooner rather than later, the impedance expenses might be turned around giving the feeling that the organization is doing quite well. Future financial specialists of Chesapeake values ought to consider this reality preceding creation any venture choices. Chesapeake had a $140 million decrease to the two sides of the asset report. The repositioning of the firm centered around expanding stock of petroleum gas holds, â€Å"the fuel of decision for the 21st century† [1998 Annual Report, pg. 18]. Oil and gas properties about multiplied from 1997 to 1998, totaling $2.2 billion. In any case, about $1.6 billion was devalued, drained and amortized. Also, money diminished almost $100 million, transient ventures were exchanged, and paid-in capital surpassed $1.1 billion in the course of recent years to give extra money to acquisition of gas saves. Subsequently, complete property, plant and gear was 85% of all out resources in 1998 contrasted with 77% in 1997. In correlation, Unocal†s PPE was 66% and 64% of absolute resources individually. Long haul obligation expanded over $400 million out of 1998, totaling $920 million contrasted with $510 million of every 1997. The $920 million was 113% according to add up to liabilities and proprietors value of $813 million. In 1998, current liabilities were $131 million contrasted with current resources of $118 million. This brought about a diminished current proportion of .90 from a 1997 proportion of 1.42. The Unocal current proportions during 1998 and 1997 were 1.01 and 1.29 individually. Chesapeake has depended basically on income through financing exercises during the previous not many years. Income from show

Oak Ridge

Oak Ridge Oak Ridge, city (1990 pop. 27,310), Anderson and Roane counties, E Tenn., on Black Oak Ridge and the Clinch River; founded by the U.S. government 1942, inc. as an independent city 1959. For years Oak Ridge was used by the federal government to pursue activities in the fields of atomic energy and nuclear physics. The site was chosen (1942) for what was called the Clinton Engineer Works, and the city was built to house the workers who developed the uranium-235 and plutonium-239 for the atomic bomb. The community's existence was kept secret from most of the country until the summer of 1945. The project was under the control of the Atomic Energy Commission , but the city has since (1955â€"59) been turned over to its residents. The former Clinton National Laboratory for nuclear research became (1948) the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In the 1990s the federal government began decontaminating and leasing much of the complex to private industry, and one section was renamed the East Tennes see Technology Park. The Oak Ridge Associated Universities, a consortium of many educational institutions, manages the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education. Tourist attractions include the American Museum of Atomic Energy, a nearby nuclear graphite reactor, and an arboretum. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Niche Creative Advertising, Inc. - 1790 Words

NICHE CREATIVE ADVERTISING, INC. INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR AGREEMENT This Independent Contractor Agreement (â€Å"Agreement†) is dated June 19, 2013, by and between Niche Creative Advertising, Inc., a Pennsylvania corporation (â€Å"Niche†) and Honey Studios, Inc. a Pennsylvania corporation (â€Å"Honey†). In consideration of the mutual promises set forth herein, and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, and intending to be legally bound, the parties hereby agree as follows: 1. General Provisions. The following provisions concern Honey’s duties and term of agreement. a. Description of Services Deliverables. Honey agrees to provide the services and to deliver the Deliverables†¦show more content†¦i. Termination for Convenience. Either party may terminate this Agreement by providing thirty (30) days prior written notice to the other. In the event of such voluntary termination, Honey shall be entitled to receive compensation for expenses incurred up to the notice of termination. ii. Termination for Cause. As used in this Agreement, termination â€Å"for cause† shall mean, 1. A material breach by Honey of any of their obligations to Niche, the wanton or willful disregard of Niche’s interests and/or a knowing or deliberate violation of Niche’s rules, and the failure to cure such breach, disregard or violation within 30 days following written notice by Niche; 2. Willful misconduct (i.e., an egregious and intentional disregard of standards of behavior which can be found in the employee handbook); or 3. Any conviction for criminal fraud or theft. In the event of a cause for termination, Honey shall forfeit all fees and commissions, earned or unearned. 2. Definition of Independent Contractor. Honey is an independent contractor of Niche. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall be construed to create the relationship of

Media Commercialization - 1906 Words

Commercialization of Indian media The media industry across the globe has witnessed spectacular changes in the recent years. There has been a considerable change in the perception of media in the olden times, as revolutionary instruments and powerful political players. Today, the media is perceived more as businesses with a motto of `remaining profitable. The growing competition along with the trend of confinement of media ownership to a few major transnational conglomerates has further intensified the commercial pressure in the terrain. This has also resulted in media proliferation, wherein numerous emerging media products embark on catering to the needs of a more fragmented market. Commodification of news has become a serious issue†¦show more content†¦Though the role and importance of media is increasing in our lives today, it’s sad that its accountability and professionalism is dwindling. â€Å"With great power comes great responsibility†. Television channels in a bid to increase their TRP ratings are resorting to sensationalized journalism with a view to earn a competitive edge over the others. Sting operations have now become the order of the day. We are a democracy of a billion plus people with the largest youth population in the world, large sections poor and uneducated, inadequate social services, and a country in transition. It is imperative that our influential intelligentsia focus unfailingly on meaningful issues since the opportunity cost is enormous. The government is increasingly sidelined by private enterprise; unprepared peasants are migrating to straining cities; and the nouveau riche anxious to express their nascent individuality is turning to incongruous consumption. Our academia is intently focused on the graduates financial remuneration, and naturally, commercial interests dont provide any discipline. 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Women Police Officers Free Essays

Women police officers is a developing field just like many occupations women have undertaken. Today we are realizing the rewards of having both female and male officers working together. However, it took time for this concept to progress. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Police Officers or any similar topic only for you Order Now The addition of women police officers has received assorted reactions from the public and police officers alike. I will explore the development and need for women police officers for an effective police department, inclusion of female police officers should be carried out to ensure a more diverse police culture. Women began working in law enforcement as matrons. Their work often fell along the lines of social work duties working primarily with women and children often hired by departments after being widowed from a fellow officer. Women struggle for recognition and advancement in police departments, for example the first sworn female police officer, Lola Baldwin, from Portland Oregon. Her job duties were largely of a social work nature, protecting young women working at the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in 1905. Fortunately, her success in this task led to her swearing in as an officer with the power to conduct arrests in 1908. Following suit, in 1910, the Los Angeles Police Department swore in Alice Wells as the country’s first â€Å"policewoman†. In 1912 the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department swore in Margaret Adams as the nations’ first female deputy sheriff however her responsibilities typically involved evidence processing. During the Great Depression and World War II, approximately 1930-1940s, women progression in law enforcement came to a halt do to having to directly compete with men for jobs. Though they were able to continue to work in law enforcement it was more in the support capacity with roles such as dispatch and other desk oriented duties. In the 1950s women in law enforcement moved from behind the desk and out onto the streets with the male police officers. There are many causes for this advancement but most of the credit goes to the formation of the International Association of Women Police in 1956 and police departments increased battle with prostitution and illegal drug sales in the 1960s. This new war on drugs allowed for the expansion and need for more female police officers to assist with specialized operations. During the 1970s the presence of female officers in police departments became increasingly accepted by the general public because of the 1972, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was implemented outlawing gender discrimination in public agencies, including police departments, breaking the glass ceiling to further expand opportunities for women in law enforcement, later establishing several law enforcement association devoted to women. Over the last few decades women police officers have brought a unique face to policing. They have experienced trials and struggles to be acknowledged and respected in the various levels of policing. Financial security and prestige are some of the reasons women join law eforement agencies. Taking up the challenge of being a cop and accomplishing it is a rewarding feeling to women who are expected to fail in a male dominated field. Across American states law enforcement agaencies have been accused of using brutal force when dealing with suspects. Deployment of women in the police force will reduce cases of use of force because women tend to handle suspected offenders in a human way. The American police department has evolved since its inception in 1657 in Northern America. It has undergone structural changes as it works on acheieving its goal of citizen protection. Among the noticeable change is the acceptance of women in the law enforcement agency. Women working for the American police department were only allowed to work in the office. Field matters were only left to men. Women did not wear police uniform like their male counter parts. The first police officer to join the American enforcement agency was Alice Stebbins Wells. She joined the police department in 1910. Before she joined law enforcement, Wells was a minister in Kansas, Alice petitioned the mayor of Los Angles to find her a position in the police department so that she could help in handing crime cases touching on children and women. (women could only do what job) A debate has been raging on a motion to boost the number of women officers in different states police department. Women are better than men in terms of handling suspects. Women deal with many violent criminals just like men, respond well to violent calls, defused crimes that were about to happen with the same expertise like male law enforcers. Women receive fewer complaints, accusations, involved in fewer shooting incidents than male counterparts. *According to Joseph Wambaugh, body size and stamina could no longer be used to determine one’s capability to join and survive the law enforcement units. He further stressed that gone were the days when interrogation on suspects cold be carried forcefully. Women are good at getting people to talk without using force. Hiring more women cops will reduce the number of cost and lawsuits associaited with use of brutal force by male police officers. ((Crime Center, 2005) Women deescalate tense situations by treating suspects with respect. Having women who are known to handle suspects in a human way will bridge the gap that exists between communities and law enforcement agencies because the suspect and their families feel more comfortable cooperating with officials. Handling of violence against women incidents has been a challenge in law enforcement. Inclusion of more women will help how victims are handled. In conclusion, increasing the number of women in law enforcement agencies will also improe its tarnished image of policing department that uses brutal force when handing offenders. The community will view the police as all round law enforcement catering to the needs of both men and women. Incidents of brutality will greatly reduce since studies and real time situation have proved women handle suspects while considering the laid laws of dealing with offenders. The succeeding in male dominated fields thus policing careers will not be an exception. The story of women in law enforcement continues to evolve as police departments discover that female officers bring particular gifts and abilities to the profession. These advantages often include a less confrontational style than that of their male partners, a lower likelihood of use of excessive force, the ability to exercise empathy and effectively diffuse difficult situations —especially domestic calls, and a larger field of awareness in stressful situations. Female officers’ abilities often complement those of male officers, resulting in a tactical as well as an investigative advantage when male-female teams are deployed. These advantages, if leveraged, can only advance the evolution of female service in law enforcement, and benefit the profession and those we serve and protect. There are many stories of women who helped shape our profession — some are famous, others infamous, and still others are women whose stories are not widely known but are fascinating nonetheless. Further, there are countless stories right now being written by the women law enforcers patrolling the streets across this great nation. What will your story be? Law enforcement as a career has been increasingly more popular for women in the recent years however the numbers have not increased greatly. In 2001 women accounted for only 12.7% of all sworn law enforcement positions in large agencies. It is a fact that women officers make less arrest than men officers however the arrest made by female officers tend to hold up better in court. Female officers do not appear to call in for support or assistance any more than their male counterparts. Yet they have been found to be as capable as male officers dealing with violent or angry situations. Evidence shows that because their appearance is less dangerous women officers have an advantage in dangerous situation resulting in avoiding injury to all parties involved. The acceptance of women on patrol seems to have been embraced better by the public than by males officers. Female officers have reported feeling of isolation and perceived hostilities from co workers have suggested as potential problems. Female officers are exposed to the same environmental stressors as male police officers but are not viewed as competent and may experience role conflict and job uncertainty. How to cite Women Police Officers, Papers

Understanding Plagiarism Linguistic

Question: Discuss that plagiarism is serious issue for students and researchers or not? Answer: Plagiarism is serious issue for students and researchers. Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work. It is expected that students shall not use the work of others by their own name. It is expected that students would refer to other sources gain knowledge. However, students should not use the content of other people. It can be said that students can commit the plagiarism knowingly or unknowingly. There are certain guidelines that can ensure that students write genuine content. For example, students should not read and write at same time. It means that the first part of any academic work should be the study part of reading part. Once this is done, then students should write. There could be cases when students are required to refer to previous studies or work of others. In these cases, students should provide due reference (Hagen, 2012 ). If student is using the exact words of others then these words should be put in inverted commas. It would be correct to say that plagiarism is an important aspect of academic integrity and student must avoid plagiarism. Students should also realize that there exist specific tools in the market that can detect plagiarism. Therefore, students should not even try to produce plagiarized content. With respect to academic and education field, it can be said that plagiarism is a serious thing. Various universities have the guidelines for plagiarism and it is expected that students would follow these guidelines. There are certain ways by which plagiarism can be avoided. Students may sometime use plagiarism when they fall short of time to complete the task. In these situations, it is always advisable to ask for extension rather that producing a plagiarized content. Students should realize that plagiarism is not accepted in any form. One of an important step to ensure that plagiarism is avoided is to manage the time and start well in advance. Another important step is to make notes while studying. The notes would act as good source for students to complete the tasks. A good amount of study before writing the paper would help students to avoid plagiarism (Abraham, 2012). It is important that students should show high ethical standards and avoid plagiarism. It not only creates bad reputation but plagiarism can also affect the grades badly. There is no point in giving a plagiarized content by ones own name. It is expected that students would show maturity and they would avoid plagiarized content. Typically, copying from Internet sources does plagiarism. It would be good if student do not refer to these sources while writing the paper. The external sources and Internet sources should only be referred by studying the topic and doing the background research. References Alzahrani, S. M., Salim, N., Abraham, A. (2012). Understanding plagiarism linguistic patterns, textual features, and detection methods.Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on,42(2), 133-149. Potthast, M., Gollub, T., Hagen, M., Kiesel, J., Michel, M., Oberlnder, A., ... Stein, B. (2012, September). Overview of the 4th International Competition on Plagiarism Detection. InCLEF (Online Working Notes/Labs/Workshop).

The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government Essay Example

The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government Paper One of the Novels we have read this semester is the first book in Suzanne Collins’ trilogy, The Hunger Games. In the book the main character Katniss Everdeen, a girl from District 12, lives in a world in which every year a male and a female tribute from each of the 12 Districts are selected to fight to the death in what is called the Hunger Games, created by the Capitol of Panem. Katniss ends up volunteering for her younger sister prim after she had been selected for the games. Katniss must fight for survival in the arena to make it home to her family after she had promised her sister that she would do her best to make it out alive. The world in which the people of this book live in is ruled by a totalitarian government that uses isolation, the inability to have free speech, and even the Hunger Games itself as a means of enforcing and retaining their power over society. The use of isolation is one way that the government makes it so the people are not able to escape from their rule. A fence borders the outside of each of the districts which no one is ever allowed to leave except under certain circumstances .An example of isolation is when Katniss says â€Å"After the war, the Capitol destroyed all the nests surrounding the city, but the ones near the districts were left untouched. Another reminder of our weakness, I suppose, just like the Hunger Games. Another reason to keep inside the fence of District 12† (Collins 3). This shows that by placing the mutant tracker jackers around the Districts the people were forced to stay in their regions, thus proving to be a form of government control. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games and a Totalitarian Government specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The ability to speak freely can be a very powerful thing, but in Panem’s society it is very dangerous. Free speech is not allowed in Panem and one who speaks freely will most likely receive a severe punishment or death. Katniss foreshadows this when saying â€Å"When I was younger, I scared my mother to death, the things I would blurt out about Di

Coup dÃ…il - French Expression

Coup dÅ“il - French Expression Expression: Un coup dÅ“ilPronunciation: [koo deuy]Meaning: glance, glimpse, quick lookLiteral translation: blow/stroke of the eyeRegister: Normal Notes The French expression un coup dÅ“il indicates a quick glance and can be used with many different verbs.   Examples The most common  is  jeter  (to throw):  Ã‚     jeter un coup dÅ“il / dans / sur   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to glance at / in / on   Ã‚  Ã‚  jeter un coup dÅ“il autour de soi   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to glance around (oneself)   Ã‚  Ã‚  jeter un coup dÅ“il pour voir si...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to take a look to see if... The verb lancer (to throw, hurl, fling) can be used interchangeably with jeter in the above expressions. Related Expressions There are some different types of coups dÅ“il:   un (petit) coup dÅ“il discret - quick glance, discreet look  un coup dÅ“il en dessous - shifty look  un coup dÅ“il furieux - furious glance  un coup dÅ“il furtif - quick glance, furtive look  un coup dÅ“il indiffà ©rent - perfunctory glance  un coup dÅ“il rà ©trospectif - retrospect, look back Un coup dÅ“il can also be used with a few other verbs, for various meaning changes: apprà ©cier dun coup dÅ“il - to sum up, assessavoir le coup dÅ“il pour - to have an eye for, have a gift for, be good at spottingiler un coup dÅ“il (informal) - to take a lookjauger dun coup dÅ“il - to size up at a glancevaloir le coup dÅ“il - to be worth seeing More Expressions   au premier coup dÅ“il - at first glance  un beau coup dÅ“il - nice view  dun coup dÅ“il - at a glance  jeter un Å“il (informal) - to have a look, check out

Security as a management or technological issue Essay

Security as a management or technological issue - Essay Example This study looks into information system security that is becoming a dominant and challenging factor for organizations, as it leverages many risks that are constantly changing. Every now and then, there are new security breaches resulting in massive losses in terms of customer confidence, as well as revenue. As information technology is now considered as the fundamental function, every organization acquires information systems for business automation. Moreover, electronic commerce has also introduced many businesses that are only virtually present. For instance, Amazon that is an online store for selling books generates revenue from the Internet. Customers pay via credit cards for the purchased books that are delivered to them. In this scenario, any sort of security breach may inject an SQL injection or cross site scripting attack on the website can affect the business as well as customer confidence. Therefore, securing the systems as well as data communication on the web is essentia l to protect. This also implies to personal or customer data that is maintained and managed by the organization. For instance, E- commerce based organizations stores information of their customer related to credit card numbers, telephone numbers, address, bank details etc. It is the responsibility of the organization to protect and secure data privacy. However, there is not a single law that states how to handle customer information. For this reason, organizations sell or trade customer information with business partners and even to third parties. Likewise, sometimes the sole purpose of this personal data exchange is funds. Although, every online organization has a privacy policy which states how they will handle and secure customer data but at the same time there is no verification criteria. In the following sections, we will discuss the technical as well as the managerial aspect of these three domains i.e. Information system security, privacy and data protection. Likewise, we will also discuss our main thesis i.e. is it a technical issue or a managerial issue for effectively handling and managing these issues in an organization. The first section will emphasize on all the technical aspects followed by all the managerial aspects and lastly comparing these two aspects for conclusion. 2 Information System Types and Coordination Organizing information systems is defined as the series of activities that are associated with information handling. Organizations expand their business gradually. For instance, strategic plan for any financial institution is to open a branch on every quarter of the year depending on stable revenue and defined achieved objectives. Similarly, the expansion of the organization create more risks and increase the workload for handling information because the maintenance, storage and exchange of information has now become more than ever before. Information handling takes place on three levels i.e. formal level, informal level and technical le vel (Dhillon 2007). The formal information system is associated with communication from third parties, suppliers, contractors, clients, regulatory authorities and financial sectors. As the word formal says for itself, it is a process in which rules are followed for making standardization of business practices and following standards is important for any organization. However, it terms of non-compliance, it may become a

Appeal letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Appeal letter - Essay Example I have taken all the previous evaluations constructively and have dedicated my time and effort in bettering my language proficiency. However, despite my hard work, it seems that my essay was not accurately evaluated. Therefore, I appeal the committee to reconsider my score in the Writing Portfolio. The comments from reader 41 starts with the statement that the â€Å"essay does not contain any direct quotes from the authors†. However, direct quotes were not a required element in the essay although its use would have helped back up the claims in the essay. It is clearly stated in the Portfolio Reading Set prompt that the â€Å"essay must quote and/or paraphrase† implying that paraphrasing could also be used in places rather than direct quotes. The line, â€Å"Similarly, religious values and the personality of an individual also determine the factors which may contribute in carving a happy life for an individual, which may differ from one individual to another (Kesebir 9),† from my essay is an example of paraphrasing with proper citation. Throughout my essay, I have also made sufficient attempt to connect claims with the text by means of paraphrased statements followed by the appropriate citation. The sentence, â€Å"At the same time, the study conducted by Inkeles concludes that monetary factors like financial status and the job or education of an individual may or may not directly affect the happiness of an individual, however, a reversal pattern is absolutely unattainable in his model (Easterlin 13),† is another example of analysis with proper connection with the text. I have tried to articulate the connection between happiness and money seeking as theorized by the authors in their essays. The ideas have been supported by theoretical explanations as laid down by the various authors. The comment further states that the â€Å"essay lack citation completely†. At various places, effort has

Importance Of Organizational Culture To An Understanding Business Essay

Importance Of Organizational Culture To An Understanding Business Essay Organizational culture refers to a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations (Schein 1985 and Becker 1982). Organizational culture provides employees with a clear understanding of the the way things are done around here. (Dessler 1976) provides three different approaches to define the culture- structural, subjective and synthetic. The structural approaches define culture as a set of enduring characteristics which describe and organization, differentiate it from other organization and affect the behavior of human resource in it. The subjective approaches analyses culture from the standpoint of the feel that people have for the organization. The Synthetic approaches stress both structural and subjective elements. According to this view, organizational culture is the perceived, subjective influence of the formal system, the informal style of managers and other significant environmental factors on the attitudes, beliefs; values and motivation of people in particular organization (Litwin and Stringer 1986). Organizational culture, therefore, can be defined as a set of attributes which are perceived by the individuals and which are deemed to have an impact on the willingness of the individual to perform at his best. In fact, culture is what one reacts to both physical and psychological and which ultimately determines the quality of the organization. Recent research suggests that there are ten primary characteristics that, in aggregate, capture the essence of organizations culture. (Dwivedi 1995). Importance of organizational culture Every organization has its unique style of working which often contributes to its culture. The beliefs, ideologies, principles and values of an organization form its culture. The culture of the workplace controls the way employees behave themselves as well as with people outside the organization. The culture decide the way employee interact themselves at workplace, a healthy culture encourage employees to stay motivated and loyal towards the management. Employees try their level best to perform better than their fellow workers and earn recognition and appreciation of the superiors. It is the culture of the workplace which actually motivates the employees to perform. Every organization must have set guidelines for the employees to work accordingly. (Feldman 2002) The culture of an organization represents certain predefined policies which guide the employees and give them a sense of direction at the workplace. Every individual is clear about his roles and responsibilities in the organization and know how to accomplish the tasks ahead of the deadlines. Certain organizations follow a culture where all the employees irrespective of their designations have to step into the office on time. Such a culture encourages the employees to be punctual which eventually benefits them in the long run. It is the culture of the organization which makes the individuals a successful professional. (Schein 2010) Example: Haier Such as domestic and foreign, there are many excellent enterprises, their organizational culture is doing very well, not only to become the consensus of their employees, but also become the other signs, such as respect for the spirit of innovation. Haier, the Chinese home appliance industry is rare to challenge the national and foreign investment enterprises, in the course of development in more than 20 years, Haier has to generate distinctive culture system: from concept to strategy, from talent to technology, to the service from the market, Haier innovation not only the achievements of the development of enterprises, and the staff has also been widely recognized. Enterprises have such a famous global brand is to be treated as such: Culture, is an emotion. (Wang 2009) Organizational culture is kind of material culture, when people mention about Coca-Cola, we know that brand, is an emotion; by South Koreas Samsung Electronics, we all know that the brand meaning pursuit of excellence; Haier, we know brand as advocating innovation; Microsoft, we think that brand is the culture of passion .These are the material culture of a reflection of penetrating the space-time, a far-reaching impact.These three cultures, like the three circles, the corporate culture is the center of the circle, always rotate around the corporate culture. Enterprises to improve the overall quality of within growth cohesion, outer increase competitiveness, enterprise development strategies; the role of culture is very prominent. In a sense, the importance of corporate culture even is not limited to the enterprise itself, but also has a far-reaching impact on the community big. After a good corporate culture nurtured the talent, the importance of social self-evident. Body Organizational culture influence on strategic management 1 .Organizational culture is the foundation of strategic management The organizational culture is a spirit cultural, it get the whole enterprise together. As the corporate culture is tested by time, constantly sum up, recognized by the corporate members. It out on behalf of a business, can be said is another sign; inward is the manifestation of the cohesion of the enterprise, but also the belief of all members of the, and it can contribute to all members of the advance toward the same goal. The corporate culture is the culture of an institution. It is precisely because of the constraints of the corporate culture, the enterprise can better together. Under the influence of corporate culture, the entire staff to have a high sense of responsibility and unity, in other words, is to have a strong executive power, and thus protect the high-speed, efficient operation, and achieve a multiplier effect. The same time, in such enterprises, employees and jointly create atmosphere, the launch of products and services with a high added value, and more likely to be accepted by consumers, by the trust. Appropriate organizational culture to the formulation of strategic management, implementation, control the correct guiding ideology and the spirit of enterprise in coordinated with corporate goals, corporate values, corporate ethics and corporate fashion, therefore, the success of the organizational culture for corporate strategy develop successful momentum, is the key to the smooth implementation of corporate strategy, is also an important condition for maintaining the corporate strategic advantage. Maintain the patency of the organizational culture and strategic management, corporate strategic management capacity to continue to improve, and ultimately improve the level of core competitiveness of enterprises. (Thompson and Martin 2005) Example: Samsung Samsung believes that to achieve the common interests of human, and to improve the work of the human quality of life for the Samsung bounden historical responsibility. As an enterprise, Samsung will create the best products and services, so that customers get the fullest satisfaction to improve the human quality of life, promote the common interests of human. (Lige 2012) 2.Organizational culture improves the success of power to strategic management. One of the necessary conditions for the success of the implementation and development of corporate strategy is the construction of the organizational culture and innovation. To form enterprise jointly owned by all members of the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and ethical standards must have excellent organizational culture, and this culture is able to highlight the characteristics of the enterprises. If a business has distinct cultural characteristics, then the particularity performance values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹for all employees, which allows businesses to form distinctive, unique corporate strategy, as well as provided the original impetus for the strategic development, and its success laid the foundation. (Hill 2012) Example: Samsung In order to achieve the ideal contribute to human society, to achieve the goal of creating the best products and services, the Samsung must on the one hand, not only have to look towards looking for more talented people in the world, but also open-minded focus on training around us creative talent on the other hand, to spare no effort to speed up the pace of investment in technology Open upgraded Samsungs technical standards to an international level. (Lige 2012) The significance of strategic management for enterprise. Establish enterprise development strategies, the objective requirements of the socialist commodity economy, the objective requirements of the market mechanism, and the requirements of the survival and development of enterprises. That is to ensure the conditions of the enterprise a decisive role in an invincible position in the competition. (Morden 2007) Planning for the future is the basic function of the enterprise development strategy, business managers must establish a strategic concept, good at predicting the future, thinking about future possible scenarios, and the impact on enterprise development, the development of enterprise program. (Morden 2007) Example Times Group in the direction of development of the planning company in the 1990s, chose the strategy of technological innovation, more than a decade, the company is developing rapidly, and now has 22 subsidiaries across the country, and set up a number of branches in Europe and the United States, the president of the company is believed to be accurate the strategy is the most basic conditions for them to win (Lige 2012) Development strategy in the implementation process, with the changes between the change of system elements, as well as elements of the development strategy must constantly modify and improved. Once enterprise development strategy is determined, all work must be carried out in accordance with the development strategy, its services, all work must reflect the basic idea and the spirit of enterprise development strategies In summary, enterprise development strategy should focus on the global and future; it is related to the survival of the enterprise, only closely linked to the strategic management of the main points from the premise to ensure the safety and scientific enterprises under the conditions of a market economy. The relationship between organizational culture and strategic management The organizational culture guide strategic choices Shared values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and behavior on behalf of the members of corporate culture, corporate mission is one of the core concept of the corporate culture, corporate mission to provide the fundamental basis for the choice of corporate strategy. Each organization should have a particularly different from the reasons for the existence of the other organizations, clear corporate mission, essential for corporate strategic management process for enterprise resource allocation can provide the basis and criteria for which mitigation and coordinating role of the enterprise within the organization has played a variety of conflicting goals for enterprise employees understand organizational goals and direction to provide opportunities to help establish unity and energetic spirit within the organization, the organizations business objectives into specific operational goals and strategic tasks to each employee. (Sheldon and Windham 2002) On the other hand, each industry has its culture, and culture tend to have a more significant difference between the industries, such as the characteristics of the IT industry is more emphasis on a relaxed environment, focusing on the innovation of the employees, focusing on each others exchanges. Every industry has its cultural identity, the basic characteristics of the industry is not going to change until there is no more revolutionary changes in this industry, it is necessary, therefore, the cultural characteristics largely determine the overall business strategy industry choose. The organizational culture is an important means of implementation of the corporate strategy Companies develop strategies need all members of the active and effective implementation. Organizational culture is to inspire people to enthusiasm, an important means to agree with the group members. Organizational culture has the motivate function. Such as enterprise implementation of employee stock ownership plan, the senior management of the stock option system, so to meet the needs of the people of wealth maximization. On the other hand, focus on creating an atmosphere of spiritual and cultural management, team building, and emotional management to meet the people identified by a common mission. (Adler N.J.2008) Organizational culture and corporate strategy must adapt to each other and coordinated An enterprises corporate culture is relatively stable, and therefore, the formulation and implementation of the corporate strategy must be adapted to the existing corporate culture, corporate culture cannot be out of the status quo. From the point of implementation of the strategy, the corporate culture is necessary to the implementation of the corporate strategy, will restrict the implementation of the corporate strategy. When the new business strategy requires a corporate culture associated with it, the the original cultural change speed is very slow, it is difficult to immediately react to the new strategy, when the original enterprise culture may be resistance to the implementation of the new corporate strategy in the strategic management process, internal turnover of old and new cultures and coordination is an important guarantee for the implementation of the strategy to be successful. (Schabracq M.2007) Example The relationship between organizational culture and strategic management -Walmart Walmart focus on people- oriented corporate culture. After decades of development, Wal-Mart has created the extremely valuable enterprise culture, which became the key to its ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Sam Walton had a paragraph saying: employees to be treated like the flowers and trees in the garden, need spiritual encouragement, promotions and favorable treatment to water them timely transplantation in order to ensure the best mix, if necessary also carefully remove the weeds in the park in order to facilitate their growth.This passage can be described as points to the essence of the Wal-Marts corporate culture Wal-Mart employees as a business partner to be treated on the relationship between managers and employees is also true sense of partnership. Almost all of the Wal-Mart managers have to spend engraved with We care about our employees package buttons, they paid great attention to listen to the views of staff. Truly treat employees as a partner in 1971, Wal-Mart has implemented a policy of profit sharing. Sam Walton believes that if the companies share profits with employees, whether by way of salary, bonus or bonuses, stock discount, then flow into the companys profits, there would be a steady stream. Because staff will use what attitude they treat to management to treat their customers. If the staff treat customer nicely, the customer will satisfied, this is the true source of chain store industry make profit. Now, Wal-Mart has more than 80% of the staff or with the aid of a profit-sharing plan, or direct ownership of the companys stock through an employee share option scheme, which t he company and the employees to form a community of interests, so that the employees are treat the company as their own business, thus, they are work harder and harder. (Ma 2010) Rise in the corporate culture as a strategic The highest state of the industry culture Integration of Form, shaped to include all the external things, including enterprise system, process, strategy, organizational structure, responsibilities and rights system, leadership style, products, etc.Shaped God substandard corporate culture was schizophrenic because the employees do not know exactly what should follow. The highest stage of the corporate culture is to through make up your mind; companies need to pursue the idea of make the culture and strategy together, enterprises should consider how to adapt to each other, including the laws of economics, ethics, human concept, put people through demand for enterprise development and social progress combine to enhance the sense of mission and responsibility. From building a corporate culture to meet the demand point of view of the people, truly reflect the people-oriented. Wal-Mart is the success of the enterprise culture rose to a typical case of the strategy for the development of its chain stores are always output from a large number of corporate culture, each employee must pre understand all the basic principles of the Wal-Mart, the kind of the standardization something rare in the world. (Ma 2010) Conclusion Strategic management and organizational culture are inseparable. They influence each other, the strategy innovation as well as organizational culture synchronization innovation. Organizational culture that is very important, but many companies are just a mere formality, and many companies are fundamentally doing not have culture. At the same time, the enterprise must understand and grasp the complementary relationship between strategic management and organizational culture can help enhance the overall quality and competitiveness, promote access to quality, sustained and healthy development. Enterprises to long-term development, we must have a development strategy, corporate culture and corporate strategy are closely linked. On the one hand a large extent can be said that culture determines the strategy, which can be divided into two levels to recognize ¼Ã…’ one of the level to the corporate mission to provide the basis for the formulation of corporate strategy. The implementation of the corporate strategy of each stage in order to achieve the strategic objectives of each stage of the enterprise, and the enterprise by the realization of the strategic objectives of each stage, the ultimate all in pursuit of the mission of the enterprise. So the corporate culture in the corporate mission to provide the fundamental basis for the formulation of corporate strategy. Strategic Enterprise Management framework, the mission to guide the strategic objectives and strategic goals to guide the entire strategic program is finalized. From another level, each industry there are indus try culture, and tend to have a more significant difference in culture between the industry, such as the culture of the manufacturing sector, there it is the industry itself, in terms of administration, it may be more stringent focus on quality management, production efficiency, discipline, and some emerging industries, such as the characteristics of the IT industry to focus more relaxed environment, focus on employees innovative, focusing on mutual exchanges. Enterprises in developing strategies, especially considering the industry choose, it must be based on the enterprise culture.

Littering of Country Roads

We see the signs everywhere, â€Å"LITTERING IS A CRIME PUNISHABLE BY A MAXIMUM $1,000 FINE OR IMPRISONMENT UP TO ONE YEAR, OR BOTH!† (Litter, 2007). The question in the minds of many of us though is â€Å"Why do people litter and especially along our country roads?† One of the definitions used for litter is â€Å"misplaced trash or solid waster† (Litter, 2007). Research in the area of â€Å"why do people litter† has been completed by several organizations and government entities. I will examine some of the reasons I found in the research. One of the factors noted in the research was just simply lack of knowledge of the environmental effects of littering (Why, 2007). It has been shown in studies that just educating those who litter can make a difference in whether or not they continue to litter. We could speculate that possibly many of those in the country will not have as great of access to the information that helps to create an awareness to the problems littering creates. When litter has already accumulated in an area, research has shown the area to be more susceptible by others to be seen as an easy dumping grounds or an invitation to dump more. One of the reasons they encourage volunteers and regular litter clean-ups is to prevent further litter build-up. Because country roads are less likely in general to be a part of litter clean-ups this can add to the problem. Lack of social pressure to do the right thing was mentioned as contributing to the problem (Why, 2007). This could also be a contributing factor as to why litter is often seen more in rural areas or areas where the population tends to have a greater financial disadvantage. Litter in these areas may not be seen as great a priority as more basic needs and problems in the rural neighborhoods. Another factor was mentioned as there being a lack or an absence of consistent enforcement of the laws against littering (Facts, 2004). Although signs may be posted, if there is seen to be lack of enforcement in backing those littering laws, they will have little effect in that area or neighborhood. This can be another reason why there may seem to be more litter along the less visible and often less-traveled country roads. Enforcement officers tend to concentrate where there is greater population. According to one study, if the people or residents of an area have little pride in their neighborhood or in another person’s neighborhood, they are then more apt to toss out trash in that particular area. It also may be that if my neighbors yard is littered, it is less noticeable when my yard is littered. The country roads and rural areas are generally less noticeable than the city or urban areas. It is no secret that individuals with higher income who live in the suburbs have more income to spend on lawn upkeep and continuous lawn maintenance. Many areas in the country attract those with less income who would have less to continuously maintain their properties and the roadways that run along their properties. Lastly, it may be surprising to some, however, not all people see what they toss out as being regarded as litter. Studies show this is often the case for those who toss cigarette butts out the car window. When asked why they toss them along the roadside, they often respond in a way to indicate they do not feel as if cigarette butts, or some items should be included as trash or littering. However, cigarette butts â€Å"can take up to five years to break down† (Facts, 2004). References 2004. Facts about litter. Department of Environment and Conservation. http://www. Environment.nsw.gov (accessed April 21, 2007). 2007. Litter laws. Official Website of the city of Rock Hill. http://www.gov.pe.ca/ enveng/litter/index.php3?number=61866&lang=E (accessed April 21, 2007). 2007. Why do people litter? Government of Prince Edward Island. April 21, 2007). Wikipedia contributors, ‘Litter’, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 24 April 2007, 22:02 UTC, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Litter&oldid=126719517 [accessed 24 April 2007]         

Characters in ‘Two Kinds’ Essay

Both, Madame Loisel and the daughter from two kinds, find themselves in similar situations. The situations seem different but in reality they aren’t, as both of them are expected to do certain things, the only different is that the daughter from to kinds in forced to do thing and Madame Loisel just feel like she had to do or to have a certain thing. The difference in the expectations between the two characters, is made by making one character want a certain thing, and the other to be forces to do something. So in other words one of the characters is wants to have certain thing and feels like the society expects the character to have these things. And the other one is made or forces by on other person or character from the story to do certain things, and is expected of certain things. The daughter is the forces character this is because the mother makes her do what she doesn’t want to. Her mother tries to make he a wonder kid and to change the way the daughter is. The mother tries to make her daughter a wonder kid and the daughter starts to respond in a way that she just doesn’t care. Then in some time the daughter be really tiered of the testes that the mother is making her that and the fact that the mother is trying to change her. And so, she starts to take short cut, and with the only intention to stay the way sh e it, the stops listening to her mother, doesn’t pay intention at the piano lessens. On the other hand there is Madame Loisel, which is a character that just feels that it is her duty to be what the society expects of all women. She feels that she has to be in the high class, that she is worth a lot and that all because of her beauty should adore her. She also had an opinion that if she wants something she has to get it or it is the end of the world. In addition, her believe is that her just deserve, also for whom she is, expensive cloths, and expensive necklace. Both of the characters respond very similar to their pressures and expectation that they are faced in the story line. The daughter responds by not agreeing to her mother and by trying to do the opposite of what she is told to do and in addition, she doesn’t listen nor try her best at the test that her mother makes her face. and a bit similar, Madame Loisel responds to  the expectations of society in a way that she just wants something and if she doesn’t get it it’s the end of the world, as if she just is the centre of the world and that she deserves all. So in other words she believes that she is worthy of having the best of the best. Then furthermore, both of the characters change in the end of their own stories. Madame Loisel becomes more realistic about life and gets a true self-esteem for what she had actually achieved. And in addition she loses her opinion that everything that she gets or receives is granted. Then, the daughter listens to her mother in the end of the story and starts playing the piano. As a conclusion both of the characters result in the same position in other words both of the characters are dramatic characters. This is because their view and their characteristics change and became completely different in the end of the story. Madame Loisel changes in a way that she becomes more aver of life and stops taking everything for granted. The daughter also changes to the positive site as she in the end of the story starts playing the piano and in other words listens.

What Centrifugation Is and Why Its Used

The term centrifuge can refer to a machine that houses a rapidly rotating container to separate its contents by density (noun) or to the act of using the machine (verb). The modern device traces its origins to a spinning arm apparatus designed in the 18th century by engineer Benjamin Robins to determine drag. In 1864, Antonin Prandtl applied the technique to separate milk and cream. His brother refined the technique, inventing a butterfat extraction machine in 1875. While centrifuges are still used to separate milk components, their use has expanded to many other areas of science and medicine. Centrifuges are most often used to separate different liquids and solid particulates from liquids, but they may be used for gases. They are also used for other purposes than mechanical separation. How a Centrifuge Works A centrifuge gets its name from centrifugal force -- the virtual force that pulls spinning objects outward. Centripetal force is the real physical force at work, pulling spinning objects inward. Spinning a bucket of water is a good example of the forces at work. If the bucket spins fast enough, the water is pulled into it and doesnt spill. If the bucket is filled with a mixture of sand and water, spinning it produces centrifugation. According to the sedimentation principle, both the water and sand in the bucket will be drawn to the outer edge of the bucket, but the dense sand particles will settle to the bottom, while the lighter water molecules will be displaced toward the center. The centripetal acceleration essentially simulates higher gravity, however, its important to keep in mind the artificial gravity is a range of values, depending on how close an object is to the axis of rotation, not a constant value. The effect is greater the further out an object gets because it travels a greater distance for each rotation. Types and Uses of Centrifuges The  types of centrifuges are all based on the same technique but differ in their applications. The main differences between them are the speed of rotation and the rotor design. The rotor is the rotating unit in the device. Fixed-angle rotors hold samples at a constant angle, swinging head rotors have a hinge that allows sample vessels to swing outward as the rate of spin increases, and continuous tubular centrifuges have one chamber rather than individual sample chambers. Very high-speed centrifuges and ultracentrifuges spin at such a high rate that they can be used to separate molecules of different masses or even isotopes of atoms. For example, a gas centrifuge may be used to enrich uranium, as the heavier isotope is pulled outward more than the lighter one. Isotope separation is used for scientific research and to make nuclear fuel and nuclear weapons. Laboratory centrifuges also spin at high rates. They may be large enough to stand on a floor or small enough to rest on a counter.  A typical device has a  rotor with angled drilled holes to hold sample tubes. Because the sample tubes are fixed at an angle and centrifugal force acts in the horizontal plane, particles move a tiny distance before hitting the wall of the tube, allowing dense material to slide down. While many lab centrifuges have fixed-angle rotors, swinging-bucket rotors are also common.  These machines are used to isolate components of  immiscible liquids  and  suspensions. Uses include separating blood components, isolating DNA, and purifying chemical samples. Medium-size centrifuges are common in daily life, mainly to quickly separate liquids from solids. Washing machines use centrifugation during the spin cycle to separate water from laundry, for example. A similar device spins the water out of swimsuits. Large centrifuges may be used to simulate high-gravity. The machines are the size of a room or building. Human centrifuges are used to train test pilots and conduct gravity-related scientific research. Centrifuges may also be used as amusement park rides. While human centrifuges are designed to go up to 10 or 12 gravities, large diameter non-human machines can expose specimens to up to 20 times normal gravity.  The same principle may one day be used to simulate gravity in space.   Industrial centrifuges are used to separate components of colloids (like cream and butter from milk), in chemical preparation, cleaning solids from drilling fluid, drying materials, and water treatment to remove sludge. Some industrial centrifuges rely on sedimentation for separation, while others separate matter using a screen or filter. Industrial centrifuges are used to cast metals and prepare chemicals. The differential gravity affects the phase composition and other properties of the materials. Related Techniques While centrifugation is the best option for simulating high gravity, there are other techniques that may be used to separate materials. These include filtration, sieving, distillation, decantation, and chromatography. The best technique for an application depends on the properties of a sample and its volume.